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Background & aim: In traditional medicine, Passiflora caerulea is used as a pain relieving and neurogenic malaise.‌ The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of Passiflora caerulea extract in mature male rats. Methods: In this study, 42 adult male rats were divided into 7 groups: control, MEPC (80, 100 and 300 mg/kg, i.p.) Morphine (1mg/kg, i.p.), indomethacin (10mg/kg, i.p.), and naloxone (100 mg/kg, i.p.) were used. In order to evaluate the analgesic effect of the extract, test ratings, tail-flick and formalin were used. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. Results: 80-300 mg doses of the extract showed significant inhibitory effects on the response of chronic phase of formalin test and the ratings test (p <.0.05). Although there was an increase in tail flick extract, but in this case, the effect induced by morphine was lower compared to controls. The analgesic effect doses of 300 mg kg of indomethacin was significantly higher than chronic phase of formalin (p <0.05). Conclusion: The analgesic effect of Passiflora caerulea, especially in the chronic phase of formalin test was observed, this effect may be due to the presence of flavonoids and tannins found in plants, which its analgesic effect has been proven in the past.

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Background & aim: In vitro maturation of oocytes is a promising technique for reducing the costs and complications of ovarian stimulation by gonadotropins. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combination of insulin-like growth factor-1 and antioxidant cysteamine and &beta-Mercaptoethanol on maturation and fertilization of immature oocytes.

Methods: in this experimental study, following 48 hrs injection of 7.5 IU PMSG to immature female mice, the germinal vesicle oocytes from ovaries were removed and transferred to TCM199 culture medium containing 50 ng /ml insulin-like growth factor-1 and 100 &mumol Cysteamine and &beta -Mercaptoethanol. After 24 hrs of culture, the oocytes of MII in IVF were fertilized and embryonic development to the two cells was studied under an inverted microscope. Data analysis was performed by using ANOVA and Post hoc Tukey test.

Results: The results showed that the rate of maturation, fertilization and 2-cell embryo formation in GV oocytes with cumulus cells in TCM199 medium containing insulin-like growth factor-1, Cysteamine and BME were 92.10, 93.30, 80.60% and in the GV oocytes without Cumulus cells were cultured in the same medium were 65.80, 64.00, 58.60% respectively which were statistically significant (P <0.001).

Conclusion: In the present study, the simultaneous combination of insulin-like growth factor-1, &beta-Mercaptoethanol and CYS increased maturation, fertilization and developmental rate to 2-cells stage with cumulus cells more than the oocyte without cumulus cells to a greater extent. This represented the need of adding supplemental growth factors and antioxidants to the medium and is associated with cumulus cells.

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Background & aim: The photoreceptor layer is a main part of the retina. The Aloe Vera has antioxidant, antibacterial and antidiabetic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the ultra-structure of the photoreceptor layer of male rats under the effect of methanol intoxication and protective effects of Aloe Vera extract against the methanol toxicity. Methods: The present experimental study was conducted on 30 adult male wistar rats in three groups of ten: as control, methanol intoxication, methanol intoxication receiving 400 mg/kg Aloe Vera extract for 30 days. Methanol intoxication was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 4gr/kg of methanol for 30 days. At the end of experiment, the eyes were removed and retina was separated near the optic disc and immersed in gluteraldehyde 4%. The retinal tissue was rinsed with buffer and fixed in osmium tetroxide 1% and dehydrated through a graded alcohol series. Then, the tissues were placed in a mixture of propylene oxide and resin and embedded in pure resin. Semi thin and ultrathin sections prepared and studied by transmission electron and light microscopes. Using One Way ANOVA and Tukey test data were analyzed. Result: Results showed that revealed decrement of the pathological sign in Aloe Vera-methanol group in comparison to methanol intoxication group. The outer segment loss, highly vacuolization in inner segment and condense and pyknotic nuclei were seen in methanol intoxication group. But the moderate outer segment loss, lightly vacuolization in inner segment and condense nuclei were observed in Aloe Vera-methanol group. Morphometric observations showed that the thickness of photoreceptor layer decreased in methanol intoxication group and little reduction in Aloe Vera-methanol group. The decrement of thickness in this group has significant difference with control group. But the decrement of thickness of photoreceptor layer in Aloe Vera-methanol group has no significant difference with control group. Conclusion: These observations showed that methanol caused injury in the photoreceptor layer and Aloe Vera could improve the damage to photoreceptor layer.

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Background & aim: Medicinal herbs with natural materials can be effective and have fewer side effects than drugs with chemical composition in reducing withdrawal symptoms and are more effective in treating addiction. In recent years, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-anxiety effects of Dill has been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Dill ethanol extract on some withdrawal syndrome behaviors such as jumping, standing, climbing in male mice addicted to morphine.

Methods: The present experimental study was conducted on 21 male NMRI mice with weighting 25 to 30 gr. Animals were divided into three groups: Group 1 received saline + naloxone (SN),  group 2 received morphine + saline + naloxone (MSN) and the third group received   morphine + ethanol extract of dill (500 mg kg ip) + naloxone (MDN) respectively. Simultaneous with the injection of morphine, the dill extract was injected at the same time. In order to induce the development of morphine dependence, the mice received increasing doses of morphine (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg) during four days for ten times, respectively. To induce the withdrawal symptom, two hours after the last injection of morphine, naloxone at a dose of 5 mg kg was injected intraperitoneally. Two hours after the last injection of morphine, naloxone at a dose of 5 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally. Jumping, standing on both feet and climbing the walls were counted during 30 minutes. The data were analyzed using the software Graph Pad prism.

Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of plant significantly reduces the number of jumping due to naloxone injection in the addicted rats (p <0.001), but in the rearing behaviors and climb the walls of the container, a significant difference was observed with morphine.

Conclusions: The findings suggested that the Dill Ethanolic extract can decrease the jumping number due to Naloxone-induced effect.  Therefore, Dill Ethanolic extract may have an impact in reducing of withdrawal induction by morphine.

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Abstract                

Background & aim: Glycyrrhizin is one of the most important pharmacological compounds of the Licorice plant which has anti-inflammatory properties. Ethanol is one of the most damaging substances in the brain, Increasing use of this substance has increases the amount of nerve damage. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of glycyrrhizin on ethanol-damaged B92 glial cells.

 
Methods: The present experimental study was performed in 2018. B92 cells were obtained from the Pasteur institute cell bank of Iran, (1×10⁶ cell/ml) were transferred to 96 plates and incubated with various glycyrrhizin concentration (5, 10 and 25 µM) for 24 hours. At that point, the cells were exposed to absolute ethanol for 80 minutes at concentrations of 86 mM. Finally, the viability of the cells was evaluated with neutral red (NR) uptake and MTT tests.

Results: Glycyrrhizin reduced the level of the cell membrane and mitochondrial damages induced by ethanol in a dose-dependent manner, so that 10 and 25 µM concentration of glycyrrhizin reduced the membrane damage and the mitochondrial performance damage, significantly. Nevertheless, Glycyrrhizin at concentration of 5 µM didn’t show any protective role so that at this concentration the growth and proliferation of cells reduced. 

Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that licorice extract (glycyrrhizin) had a positive effect on survival rate of the cells and improves the vital capabilities of ethanol-damaged glial cells. Hence, glycyrrhizin dose dependently can protect the B92 cells against ethanol-induced damage.

 
 
 

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Background & aim: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important opportunistic pathogens. Due to the increased use of antibiotics and the risk of their resistance, studies on the detection of natural antibacterial compounds have increased. Hence, the aim of the present study was to determine and evaluate the antibacterial effect of propolis nanomaterials, ethanosybenic anodic anodomic extracts of propolis, ciprofloxacin.
 
Methods: In the present experimental study, which was conducted at the University of Urmia in 2018, high-energy propolis nanoparticles were prepared using ultrasonic waves. Then the antimicrobial effect of propolis ethanolic extract, propolis nanoamulsion alone, ciprofloxacin alone and their combined combination (propolis + ciprofloxacin, propolis cyanide + ciprofloxacin nanoparticles) by microenvironmental microenvironmental microenvironmental and microbial methods Pseudomonas aeruginosa was diagnosed. Data were analyzed using one-way variance test. In this study, high-energy propellant nanoemulsion was prepared using ultrasound waves. Antibacterial effect of ethanolic extract of propolis, propolis nanoemulsion, Ciprofloxacin alone and their combinations (EEP+Ciprofloxacin and propolis nanoemultion + ciprofloxacin), were determined. For determination of MIC, MBC and FIC of each substance, Broth microdilution and Disk diffusion test were used. Data Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and one-way ANOVA test.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
Results: First, 8,156 nm of propolis extract was prepared from propolis nanoparticles. The results of MIC and MBC experiments indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration of alcoholic propolis extract extract and propolis nanomaterials against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 1000 and 46.88 micrograms per milliliter, respectively. Moreover, the evaluation of the combined effect of propolis extract and propolis nanomaterials with ciprofloxacin is 9.46 2 2.44, 7.3 22 1.32 μg / ml, respectively. Furthermore, platelets containing combined propolis nanoamulsion dissociation disks with ciprofloxacin with concentrations of 1.32 7 3.7, micrograms per milliliter of halo growth, respectively, caused a growth of 15 mm in diameter, while single-use nanograms per 6 milli6 milligrams of propolis The growth control halo was 15 mm larger.
 
Conclusion: In the present study, for the first time, nanoamulsion was prepared from the ethanolic extract of propolis, which alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin has the effects of inhibiting growth inhibition and high elongation on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It had a synergistic effect and as a result, the dose of each of the compounds and the time required to kill the bacterium was reduced by comparing the use of each of them alone.