---

ABSTRACT Introduction & Objective : Elimination of local anesthetic from subarachnoid space is probably depends on rate of local diffusional surface of anesthetic and its vascular absorption. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between the spread of hyperbaric spinal anesthesia and duration of spinal block. Materials & Methods: To determine the effects of hyperbaric local anesthetic extension on duration of spinal block we studied 40 ASA Class I, II patients whom were candidate for elective surgery (Inguinal hernia) . We randomly divided them into 2 equal groups . After performing spinal block with 2cc hyperbaric lidocaine 5% the first group was left in horizontal position and the second group in 30 torso elevated position. The patients was monitored for pulse oximetry, ECG and noninvasive BP. BP and HR were checked 5 minutes for 30 minutes and then every 15 minute until the end of study. Results: The decrease in MAP was significantly more obvious in horizontal group than 30 toros elevated group. Duration of block existing is less in horizontal group than 30 toros elevated group. Conclusion: Placing patients in 30 elevation of torso, after spinal injection, prolonged the duration of spinal block and lessen the hemodynamic changes of spinal anesthesia

---

ABSTRACT Introduction & Objective: One of the objectives of preoperative preparation is evaluating the status of cardiovascular and respiratory systems and determining possible abnormalities. This study aimed at decreasing mortality and morbidity rate, cost of hospitalization and achieving post operative initial respiratory status function. As respiratory problems result in more sever complications, it is crucial to get information about its integrity. Thus, the present study also tried to assess the value of chest x- Ray in comparison to clinical examination for diagnosing pre-operative respiratory problems. Materials & Methods: This is an applied study performed on one hundred patients (53% female and 47% male) in Nikocari educational and therapeutic center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Physical status of the patients was class І and ii based on ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) classification. Simple improbable method was used for sampling. In this study all the patients were filmed on their chests in radiology department and they were all visited by the anesthesiologist clinically. Results of both evaluations were documented for further decision-making. A questionnaire was employed for data collection. Then the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Patients ranged from 55 to 98 years of age. 31% of them had normal chest films but 30% had projection of aortic arch. In 15% lung hilum was prominent and there was an increase in bronco-vascular view of the lung in 11%. 8% of the cases showed an increase in interstitial tissues. Emphysema and probable engorgement of IVC was reported to be in 4% and 1% of them, respectively. Clinical examination showed that 33% of the patients suffered from pulmonary disorders and the rest were all normal. Conclusion: Because almost all abnormal radiographic findings were also detected by physical examination, it is recommended that, for the preservation of energy and time of radiology personnel, prevention of break-down of chest X- Ray machines and avoidance of imposing extra payment on patients, radiography of chest be specified only for the patients with pulmonary disease and those who have a positive clinical finding. Routine chest X- Ray is also suggested for the patients over 60.

---

Introduction & Objective: Cobalt element contributes in the structure of vitamin B12 and can interfere with Fe+3 ions absorption. It is also important for the synthesis of hemoglobin and red blood cells. The aim of this study was to determine the level of cobalt in drinking water and crude vegetables in Yazd city. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed for this study. The types of vegetables which were tested in this study were spinach and cabbage. Samples from drinking water were taken as well. For determination of cobalt, synthetic spectrometric method was used based on the catalytical effect of cobalt on red-Pirogallol hydrogen peroxides (at pH=7) reaction. Results: Results of this study showed that the amount of cobalt was 3.49x10-2 p. p. m for cabbage, 0.041x10-2 for spinach and 0.0121p. p. m for drinking water. Conclusion: Findings of this study revealed that at present the amount of cobalt in these vegetables is less than the minimum allowed.

---

ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania parasites. Clinical manifestation of this disease ranges from a small papule to disseminated cutaneous lesion or chronic tuberculoid ulcer and is based on the type and virulence of parasite and also immune responses of the host. This study aimed to determine the virulence of Leishmania parasite isolated from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Materials & Methods: Isolated parasites from CL patients were cultured. Macrophage cell line (J774) cultured in RPMI medium was used in this study to find out the virulence of isolated parasite. Cell line was infected by metacyclic form of parasite where parasite was added to the macrophage culture on a ratio of 10/1. Three days later, cell lines were checked for any infection and the rate of macrophage infectivity and mean of parasite number in each macrophage were calculated. Results: Results of this study showed that virulence of isolated parasite was different where the rate of macrophage infection was 10-63%. Results also revealed that there was a correlation between the rate of macrophage infection and type of ulcers, where more invasive isolates induced ulcerative sores. No correlation was found between the rate of macrophage infection and place of resident of CL patients. Conclusion: Isolated parasites from CL patients had different virulence and this might be the reason for various clinical signs in CL. Molecular and biochemical characterization of the most virulent isolates can be useful for vaccine development and also for drug related studies.

---

ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Horseshoe kidney is seen in about 1 in 400 persons. It is found more commonly in males by 2: 1 margin . It can be seen in all age groups but in autopsy series. It is more prevalent in children, that is related to the high incidence of multiple congenital anomalies associated with the horseshoe kidney, some of which are incompatible with long- term survival. Case: The patient was a 25 years old man who presented with RLQ pain from 2 months before admission. In physical Examination, there was tenderness in this area. All routine lab data were in normal range. Sonography showed normal left kidney , absence right kidney and a large cystic structure occupying the left and posterior aspect of the bladder. IVP showed non visualization of right kidney , malrotation of left kidney and a filling defect in the right side of the bladder. C.T. Scan with and without IV contrast confirmed above data. Cystoscopy revealed hemitrigone with a mass effect . Surgical exploration showed, ectopic right ureter within ejaculatory ducts. All its abnormal course, deviating to left side and ending in a fibro vascular structure attached to an isthmus on vertebral column. 2 months later the patient were admitted in neurosurgical ward and underwent craniotomy due to brain aneurysm. Conclusion: Horseshoe kidney may present with unilateral renal agenesis or only with a rudimentary kidney with ectopic ureter.

---

Introduction & Objective: Skin cancers are the most common malignancies of the mankind. Basal call carcinoma (BCC) constitutes the most prevalent skin cancer in human beings. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic and cosmetic results of three methods of treatment of BCC i.e. curettage, surgical excision and combined curettage and cauterization. Materials & Methods: This is an interventional study, through which 79 lesions of BCC on the faces and scalps of 64 patients in Besat hospital of Sanandaj city in 2001-2003 were treated by curettage, surgical excision and combined curettage and cauterization. Collected data were recorded in frequency tables. Results: 69 (87.3%) of tumors were papulonodular type, 61 of them had an ulcer on their surface. 26 tumors were treated by surgery which had a cure rate of 91.7%. 45 (57%) tumors were of solid type. During the follow–up period, an overall recurrence rate of 11.4% (9 tumors) was noticed. Two of the tumors that were treated by surgery, 5 of the tumors treated by curettage, and 2 of those which were treated by combined curettage and cauterization recurred. The cosmetic result in the patients who had been treated by curettage was quite promising, only a small scar or a slight hyper pigmentation was left at the site of the lesions. Conclusion: Curettage is more suitable for the treatment of small lesions of B.C, but it is not recommended for the treatment of the tumors having aggressive behavior or rapid growth. The cosmetic result in the patients treated by combined curettage and cauterization of the lesions was also excellent and in most cases scar was minimal or absent. Combined curettage and cauterization is a cheap and suitable method for the treatment of BCC and it can easily be accomplished.

---

Introduction & Objective: Skin cancers are the most common malignancies of the mankind. Basal call carcinoma (BCC) constitutes the most prevalent skin cancer in human beings. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic and cosmetic results of three methods of treatment of BCC i.e. curettage, surgical excision and combined curettage and cauterization. Materials & Methods: This is an interventional study, through which 79 lesions of BCC on the faces and scalps of 64 patients in Besat hospital of Sanandaj city in 2001-2003 were treated by curettage, surgical excision and combined curettage and cauterization. Collected data were recorded in frequency tables. Results: 69 (87.3%) of tumors were papulonodular type, 61 of them had an ulcer on their surface. 26 tumors were treated by surgery which had a cure rate of 91.7%. 45 (57%) tumors were of solid type. During the follow–up period, an overall recurrence rate of 11.4% (9 tumors) was noticed. Two of the tumors that were treated by surgery, 5 of the tumors treated by curettage, and 2 of those which were treated by combined curettage and cauterization recurred. The cosmetic result in the patients who had been treated by curettage was quite promising, only a small scar or a slight hyper pigmentation was left at the site of the lesions. Conclusion: Curettage is more suitable for the treatment of small lesions of B.C, but it is not recommended for the treatment of the tumors having aggressive behavior or rapid growth. The cosmetic result in the patients treated by combined curettage and cauterization of the lesions was also excellent and in most cases scar was minimal or absent. Combined curettage and cauterization is a cheap and suitable method for the treatment of BCC and it can easily be accomplished.

---

ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Stress is a collection of reactions against incompatible and unexpected internal and external factors. Since the manager of any organization is exposed to stress more than other personnel. The present study was performed to determine the rate of stress in senior managers and their assistants in Kohgilouyeh and Boyrahmad province. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, all the 134 senior managers and their assistants were recruited through a stress questionnaire. The questionnaire included six physical, individual, cultural, occupational, familial domains, and physical conditions of job environment. Results: It was revealed that the avarage rate of stress was 54.88, and 34.3% of the subjects appeared to experience high stress. Occupational stress (58.73) appeared to be the most stressful domain and physical stress (41.43) was the least stressful one, respectively. Violation from regulations, success of the opportunists, and showing discrimination toward the referrals turned out to be the most stressful options. Conclusion: Since in this study the occupational dimension had created the highest degree of stress in the managers, it appears that the greatest and most effective step in decreasing the managers’ stress is perhaps accurate supervision, appropriate encouragement and finally due punishment proportionate the managers' performance.

---

ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: In spite of several treatment methods which are being used to treat exudative age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) like laser therapy, Intravitreal steroids injections or anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), no method has been yet presented as the best treatment way. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of combined transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) with subtenon triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injection in treatment of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in patients with ARMD. Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial, 63 eyes of 57 patients with CNV secondary to exudative age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) were studied. All CNVs (including 20 predominantly classic and 43 predominantly occult lesions) were treated with diode laser (810nm). In 20 eyes with predominantly classic CNVs, 20 mg and 40 mg subtenon triamcinolone was injected in 12 and 8 eyes respectively. The patients were followed for a mean of 9.1 months (ranging from 5.5 to 16 months). The average number of treatment sessions was 1.25. In 43 eyes with occult CNV, 20 mg and 40 mg subtenon triamcinolone was injected in 31 eyes and in 12 eyes respectively. Mean follow up time was 12 months (4.5 to 23 months). Mean treatment times was 1.17. A variable spot size of 0.8, 1.2, 2 and 3 mm was used depending on the size of CNV and treatment was given in one area for 1 minute. Thermotherapy was adminstered through a contact lens at a power range between 120-560 mw. At the end of treatment, each patient randomly received 20 mg or 40 mg subtenon triamcinolone acetonide injection in superotemporal quadrant. Outcome was assessed with clinical and angiographic examination.collected data were analyzed by one-sample and paired –sample T test, using SPSS software. Results: At the end of the study in first group, visual acuity remained stable (0 to ± one line) in 14 out of 20 (70 %) of eyes, improved (> one line) in 2 of 20 (10 %) eyes and showed a decline (> one line worsening) in 4/20 (20 %) eyes. In second group thirty one eyes (72.1 %) had stable vision (± 1 line), 4 eyes (9.32 %) had better vision more than 1 line and 8 eyes (18.6 %) had more than 1 line decrease in vision. Conclusion: All CNVs were closed in last follow up. No statistically significant difference was found between two groups in clinical and functional with 20 mg and 40 mg injection of subtenon TA. Combined TTT and subtenon injection of TA in eyes with exudative ARMD can be an effective method to stabilize visual acuity of these patients.

---

ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Chemical gas weapons especially nitrogen mustard which was used in Iraq-Iran war against Iranian troops have several harmful effects on skin. Some other chemical agents also can cause acne form lesions on skin. The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of acneform in previously chemically damaged soldiers and non chemically damaged persons. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study, 180 chemically damaged soldiers, who have been referred to dermatology clinic between 2000 – 2004, and forty non-chemically damaged people, were chosen randomly and examined for acneform lesions. SPSS software was used for statistic analysis of the data. Results: The mean age of the experimental group was 37.5 ± 5.2 and that of the control group was 38.7 ± 5.9 years. The mean percentage of chemical damage in cases was 31 percent and the time after the chemical damage was 15.2 ± 1.1 years. Ninety seven cases (53.9 percent) of the subjects and 19 people (47.5 percent) of the control group had some degree of acne. No significant correlation was found in incidence, degree of lesions, site of lesions and age of subjects between two groups. No significant correlation was noted between percentage of chemical damage and incidence and degree of lesions in case group. Conclusion: Incidence of acneform lesions among previously chemically injured peoples was not higher than the normal cases.

---

ABESTRACT: Introduction & objective: Inflammation is a body defensive response to the endogenous and exogenous stimulators such as chemical, radiation, trauma and invasive microorganism, which result pain and tissue necrosis. There are many natural and synthetic drugs for treatment of inflammation and lot of them are under investigation. Sodium valporate is an antiepileptic drug used particularly in the treatment of primary generalized seizure notably absence, myocolonic seizure, acute manic phase of bipolar disorder and prophylaxis of migraine. The previous observations showed sodium valporate increases level of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) in the central and peripheral nervous system. In acute inflammation, GABA showed a significant attenuation of paw edema and nociception. The aim of this study was evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of sodium valporate. Materials & Methods: In order to evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antiexudative of sodium valporate doses of 200,400 and 600 mg/kg were investigated on rat paw edema that induced by carrageenan. In addition, the plasma leakage in the inflamed tissue was evaluated by application of trypan blue as intravenous injection. Dexamethason was used as positive control. Results: Results showed sodium valporate doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg decreased inflammatory and exudative effect as compared to control group. Conclusion: Although the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of this drug were not evident but we can say sodium valporate in addition to already proved effects has anti-inflammatory effect.

---

ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Different nociceptive and inflammatory responses to noxious stimuli in male and female animals imply that sex hormones may affect on inflammatory factors, induction and intensity of the inflammation. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of testosterone administration on carrageenone induced inflammation in gonadectomized male rats. Materials & methods: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=8). 1-The control rats without receiving any drug or surgical operation. 2-The sham – operated animals with surgical stress. 3-The gonadectomized rats, receiving 0.5 ml vehicle (olive oil) i.p. 4-The gonadectomized rats, receiving testosterone enantate (6 mg/100 gr body weight in 0.5 ml vehicle i.p.). At the sixth day of gonadectomy operation, inflammation was induced by injection of 1% carrageenone in the right hind paw of rats. Edematous paw volume as an index of inflammation was determined by immersing it into the mercury container. Weight of paw in the mercury was measured and then the paw volume was calculated in relation to specific gravity of mercury (13.6gm/ml). Data were statistically analyzed by SPSS software using ANOVA. Results: The results showed that edematous paw volume significantly was reduced in testosterone enantate administrated gonadectomized rats compared to the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: It can be concluded that high dose of testosterone causes attenuation of inflammatory response. The testosterone anti-inflammatory effect is probably due to inhibition of inflammatory factors (Interleukins) production or decrease in receptors of inflammatory factors. Keywords: Testosterone, Carrageenone, Inflammation, Rats

---

Introduction & Objective: Visfatin is a newly discovered adipokine which increases with obesity. It is not clear whether resistance versus endurance training which induces changes in adipose tissue and blood lipids might decrease the plasma level of visfatin. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of eight weeks of resistance versus endurance training on plasma level of visfatin in middle-aged men. Materials & Methods: This clinical-trial study was conducted in 2010, in Ghachsaran, Iran. Twenty eight healthy middle-aged men (aged 38.3 ± 4.7 years height 173.5 ± 5.9 cm BMI 25.9 ± 2.9 kg/m2) were the subjects of this study. The subjects were randomly assigned into resistance training group (n=9), endurance training group (n=9) or control group (n=10). Resistance training performed 3 d/wk at an intensity corresponding to 65–80% of one-repetition maximum, 8-12 repetitions and 2-4 sets for 8 weeks. Endurance training group underwent an 8-week intervention with a frequency of 3 d/wk at an intensity corresponding to 65 – 80% maximum heart rate for 20 – 34 minutes. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 15.5 software using t-test. Results: The results showed that the body fat percent, WHR and plasma visfatin were decreased after resistance and endurance training (P<0.05). Maximum oxygen consumption, on the other hand, increases significantly in the two training groups compared with the control group (P<0.05). Plasma visfatin levels at baseline were positively correlated with body fat percent and triglyceride concentration (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that eight weeks of resistance and endurance training induces change in adipose tissue, and also decreases the plasma visfatin level in middle-aged men.

---

Introduction & Objective: Visfatin is a newly discovered adipokine which increases with obesity. It is not clear whether resistance versus endurance training which induces changes in adipose tissue and blood lipids might decrease the plasma level of visfatin. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of eight weeks of resistance versus endurance training on plasma level of visfatin in middle-aged men. Materials & Methods: This clinical-trial study was conducted in 2010, in Ghachsaran, Iran. Twenty eight healthy middle-aged men (aged 38.3 ± 4.7 years height 173.5 ± 5.9 cm BMI 25.9 ± 2.9 kg/m2) were the subjects of this study. The subjects were randomly assigned into resistance training group (n=9), endurance training group (n=9) or control group (n=10). Resistance training performed 3 d/wk at an intensity corresponding to 65–80% of one-repetition maximum, 8-12 repetitions and 2-4 sets for 8 weeks. Endurance training group underwent an 8-week intervention with a frequency of 3 d/wk at an intensity corresponding to 65 – 80% maximum heart rate for 20 – 34 minutes. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 15.5 software using t-test. Results: The results showed that the body fat percent, WHR and plasma visfatin were decreased after resistance and endurance training (P<0.05). Maximum oxygen consumption, on the other hand, increases significantly in the two training groups compared with the control group (P<0.05). Plasma visfatin levels at baseline were positively correlated with body fat percent and triglyceride concentration (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that eight weeks of resistance and endurance training induces change in adipose tissue, and also decreases the plasma visfatin level in middle-aged men.

---

Background & Aim: Quality of life promotion is important for control of type II diabetes and its complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive role of demographical, psychological and disease characteristics factors on quality of life in patients with type II diabetes. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010-2011 in outpatient's diabetic clinics of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 269 outpatients with type II diabetes were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected by scales of Quality of Life Scale, Depression of DASS, diabetes self-management, diabetes knowledge, and demographical Information-disease characteristics questionnaire and analyzed, using correlation and stepwise multiple regression. Results: there was a significantly positive relationship between self-management and diabetes knowledge with quality of life. Moreover, there was a significantly negative relationship between diabetes duration, depression, HbA1c and diabetes complications with quality of life (P<0.001). Diabetes duration, self-management, diabetes knowledge, HbA1c, depression, diabetes complications and socio-economic status significantly predicted the quality of life variance in patients with type II diabetes (P<0.001). The duration of diabetes had the most significant role in defining the quality of life among these patients. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicated that diabetes duration, self-management, diabetes knowledge, Glycated hemoglobin, depression, diabetes complications and socio-economic status are important in quality of life for patients with type II diabetes.

---

Background & aim: Surgery and adjuvant therapies lead to body image problems and psychological distress in young women with breast cancer. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship of body image with psychological distress in women with breast cancer. Methods: This correlation study was carried out on 294 women with breast cancer at Imam Reza Hospital of Kermanshah, Iran, in 2011. The selection of the participants was based on purposive sampling. The Body image was assessed by BIS. The Psychological distress was assessed by DASS-21. The collected data was analyzed by Pearson correlation and Independent sample test. Results: Results showed that body image had a significant positive relationship with psychological distress (P < 0.001). Furthermore, younger women had greater trouble about body image and experienced greater psychological distress compared to elder women. Conclusion: This study showed that dissatisfaction about body image accompanied psychological distress. Also, younger women experience greater difficulties about body image and psychological distress. Therefore, suitable psychological interventions are recommended.

---

Abstract Background & aim: Several studies have reported anti-cancer properties of sagebrush plain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the methanol extract of sagebrush plain on human breast cancer MCF7 cells. Methods: In the present experimental study, the toxic effects of methanol extracts of flowers, leaves, stems and roots of sagebrush plain from of Khorassan and Esfahan province were tested on human breast cancer cells MCF-7 and normal cells HEK293 . Plant samples were extracted by methanol and their toxic effects on normal and breast cancer cells at concentrations of 5.62, 125, 250 and 500 µg/ml was determined by MTT. Both breast cancer cells MCF-7 and normal HEK293 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium and DMEM containing 10% fetal calf serums were cultured. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results: The methanol extract of sagebrush showed toxicity on MCF7 cells. The extract of Khorasan showed higher toxicity than Esfahan province. IC50 of sagebrush plant for all parts of the plant were obtained more than 500 µg/ml, but the IC50 of sagebrush plant of Khorasan region in leaf and flower were 205 ± 1.3 and 213 ± 5.3µg respectively. The leaves and flowers in both cases had the highest cytotoxicity. Plant extracts in both regions did not show significant cytotoxicity on normal HEK293 cells. Conclusion: The extract of the sagebrush plain region of Khorasan region showed greater cytotoxicity than Esfahan. It seems that different environmental conditionshas considerable cytotoxicity. Keywords: Sagebrush Plain, MTT, Breast Cancer

---

Background & aim: Authority delegation means to transmit part of organization`s manager and leader`s special authorities and executive duties, regardless its root to subordinates and heads of units and related offices to speed up implementing affairs and organizational purposes quickly and on time. The purpose of this study was to inspect authority delegation in health centers of Boyerahmad district through using model to combine suggestions (to identify process) and Delphi method (expert`s opinions) . Methods: This cross-sectional study was implemented in two stages at first stage, research community was authorities of Boyerahmad health centers (58 persons), their suggestions about requested processes to delegate were gathered by total count through open questionnaires and in second stage, which was Delphi, suggestions gathered from previous stage judged by 30 experts. Data of both stages analyzed by help of Chi-square, correlation coefficient tests. Results: Findings showed that 73.85% of suggestions were able to be delegated, based on expert`s opinion. 40% of suggestions were in domain of official, 36.92% financial and 23.08% hygienic. 88% less than 6 years management background. 20.69% had no academic studies and only 27% were general physicians. Conclusion: By participation of environmental management levels, several processes may be specified and identify cases which are possible to delegate them executively using Delphi (expert`s opinion) and this model can be used as a trust worthy method to delegate authority for decentralization. Key words: Participation Management, Health centers, Authority delegation

---

Abstract Background & aim: infertility and the attitude of the society toward it, makes women and even men deal with many emotional disturbances. Infertile women tolerate more stress than fertile women. Stress can reduce the amount of happiness and mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of stress management skills training (cognitive-behavioral) on happiness of infertile women. Methods: In this clinical-trial study, the cases of infertile women who were referred to the Infertility Center of Shiraz in the summer of 2011were studied. A total of 24 infertile women with high stress scores were selected by purposive sampling and divided into two experimental and control groups. The stress management training (cognitive-behavioral) was instructed during 10 weekly sessions on the target group. Using Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, a pre-test and a post-test was completed. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and ANCOVA. Results: The difference between the mean happiness was significant after controlling of the pretest variables in the two groups. The mean scored happiness of the experimental group significantly increased compared to the control group in the post-test (P=0.0001). Conclusion: The results indicated that the control effectiveness of stress management therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy on happiness levels of infertile women. Key words: Happiness, Cognitive- Behavioral, Stress Management, Infertility

---

Abstract Background & aim: Myocardial infarction is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. Streptokinase is used in patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. The aim of this study was to compare the side effects of intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction patients in different age groups. Methods: In the present analytic descriptive study, the samples included 100 eligible patients which received intravenous streptokinase. The research instrument was a questionnaire consisting of two parts: the first part was used to measure the underlying data and the second part to evaluate the side effects of intravenous streptokinase,. Data were analyzed by chi-square statistical tests. Results: There were no significant adverse events between intravenous streptokinase and different age groups ((P>0.05).). The most common side effects of this drug were cardiovascular complications in different age groups. Conclusion: the use of streptokinase intravenous drug in different age groups is associated with risk of cardiovascular complications. Key words: age, side effects, streptokinase, acute myocardial infarction, thrombolytic therapy, ST elevation