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Abstract Background and aims: Due to the increasing interest in studying the plant extracts in various fields of biology, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ginger extract interaction and adrenergic system on the mechanical activity of the a rat’s isolated trachea. Methods: In this experimental study, 15 adult male rats were anesthetized after adaptation to environment. Afterwards, the trachea was removed and divided into 3 mm segments. The isolated tracheal rings of each mouse were divided into control and experimental groups. Next, they were put in tissue baths containing oxygenated Krebs solution, and their mechanical activity were recorded by the transducer and bridge amplifier system. In the experimental group, hydroalcoholic extract of ginger (0.5 mg/ ml) was added to the tissue bath. In the same conditions, the solvent extract was added to the control group. At the end, the mechanical response of each group in the presence of propranolol and isoprenaline as agonist and antagonist adrenergic system were recorded. The gathered data were analyzed by the paired t-test. Results: In the presence of hydroalcoholic extract of ginger, the mechanical activity of isolated trachea was significantly decreased compared to the controls (p < 0.05). However, after injection of isoprenaline and propranolol, a significant difference in the mechanical activity of the trachea was observed in the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the ginger has effects on isolated tracheal relaxation via other routes, except the adrenergic system. Keywords: Adrenergic system, Mechanical activity, Trachea, Ginger

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Introduction: Glycyrrhiza glabra has been traditionally used as a medicinal plant in Iran. In this study to determine some of its mechanisms, the effects of hydro alcoholic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra on electrocardiogram were examined by the following procedure: methods: Adult male rats were anesthetized via injection of pentobarbital sodium, then Femoral vein and femoral artery were canulated for injection and blood pressure recording respectively. Electrocardiogram was recorded by limb electrodes linked to A-D instrument power lab Bio amplifier also Blood pressure was recorded by pressure transducer linked to A-D instrument power lab.Tested groups were as follows: The first group, received Glycyrrhiza glabra extract (90mg/kg) and equivalent volume of the Glycyrrhiza glabra solvent (ethanol %70). the second group, received Glycyrrhiza glabra extract and acetylcholine (.01 mg/kg). Result: The result showed a significant decrease of RR interval and R amplitude in presence of licorice extract, licorice extract and acetyl choline with comparing to control condition also systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed a significant decreasing in presence of licorice extract with comparing to control condition. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Glycyrrhiza glabra has a positive chronotropic and negative ionotropic effects on heart via synergistic effect with cholinergic system

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Back ground & aim: In the recent years, the increasing use of electronic devices which generate electromagnetic fields, focused researchers’ attention to investigate the electromagnetic fields effects on human health. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of prolonged exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF) on the adrenergic system in the small intestine of male rats.

Methods: In the present experimental study, 21 Adult male rats (wistar) were divided into three groups: experimental group, which were exposed to ELF (50Hz, 1mT) for 75 days, the sham-operated group, which were kept in similar conditions exception Off solenoid and the control group, which were kept in normal conditions. After 75 days, the rats were anesthetized by intra peritoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/k). Then, the ileum tissue was dissected and divided into 1 cm strips. The strips were placed in organ baths containing oxygenated, pH=7.4 Krebs solution. Furthermore, the mechanical activity of the tissue was recorded with force transducer of bridge amplifier which was linked to A-D Instrument power lab in response to Phenylephrine(4 ×10^{-6 M). Data was analyzed using one way ANOVA test.}

Results: Relaxation changes of isolated ileum tissue was displayed in two ileum strips with same length and in the same animal, According to the obtained results, the ileum relaxation in exposure to ELF (experimental) compared to the control and sham groups significantly increased (p&le0.05). Accordingly, the relaxation changes of ileum in response to the phenylephrine at different times and after deducting the basic tension represented a significant increase (p&le0.05) of Ileum relaxation in the experimental group compared to the sham and control groups.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that prolonged exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields may lead to increase of  the &alpha₁-adrenergic receptors sensitivity.

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Abstract:

Back ground & aim: Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) is a native medicinal plant of Iran which its rhizome has been traditionally used for treatment of bowel spasm and diarrhea. Accordingly, the present study aimed to determine the effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of licorice rhizome on mechanical activity of isolated colon of male rats.

Methods: In the present experimental study, the colon tissue of 10 adult male rats were dissected and divided into two groups: experimental and control. Each group consisted of 10 strips of tissue. Then, the mechanical activity of tissue strips were recorded by power lab A-D instrument in basal condition, and after administration of phenylephrine and epinephrine and propranolol in the presence and absence of licorice rhizome extract (with effective dose 0.036 mg/ml). Moreover, the mechanical activity of control group strips were recorded at the same condition with extract solvent (ethanol %70). Data were analyzed statistically with using the SPSS software version 19 using Independent-Samples t-test.

Result: The mechanical activity of tissue in presence of extract and epinephrine significantly decreased (p≤0.05) compared to the control group. While the mechanical activity in the presence of extract and propranolol significantly increased (p≤0.05) compared to the control group. However, no significant modification was observed in the mechanical activity of the tissue  in the presence of phenylephrine and extract compared to the control group. 

Conclusion: According to the present study, it could be concluded that hydro-alcoholic extract of licorice maybe has modifying effect on colon motility via synergist effect with beta adrenergic receptors and independent of the alpha adrenergic receptors.

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Background & aim: The leaves of the Aloe Vera plant (yellow aloe) have long been used in medicine and nutrition by various communities. Some physiological effects of this plant have long been used to treat some gastrointestinal disorders such as gastric ulcer and gastric acid return to the esophagus. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Aloe Vera leaf on the movements of the isolated colon of male rats and its interaction with cholinergic, adrenergic and nitric oxide systems.
 
Methods: In the present study conducted in 2016, 25 rats were included in the study. 20 mature male rats of Wistar race with the average weight between 180 to 250 grams and three months of age were randomly chosen. The mice were kept in light controlled conditions (12 hours cycle of lightness and darkness) and temperature of 22±2 degrees Celsius and enough food and water for one week. Adult male rats were anesthetized by ethyl ether, their colon tissue (ascending) separated and divided into 1 cm segments. The parts were connected to a force transducer longitudinally and inserted to an organ bath with oxygenated thyrod solution (37 ° C, pH = 7.4). The mechanical activity of their colon was recorded by force isotonic transducer  and Power Lab AD instrument in basal condition, and after administration of acetylcholine10^-6 M , atropine1.7×  10^-3 M, epinephrine 10^-6 M, propranolol 10^-6 M and L-NAME10^-4  M in the presence and absence of the extract. The collected data were analyzed using Independent Sample T-Test and considering p≤0.05 as a significant level. (P≤0.05 ).
 
Results: Tissue mechanical activity in the presence of extract was significantly reduced compared to the control group. Furthermore, a significant decrease in tissue mechanical activity was observed in the presence of combined extract and propranolol compared with the control group, but a significant difference in the presence of acetylcholine, atropine, epinephrine, nitric oxide synthetize inhibitor (L-NAME) and the extract in comparison with the control group was not observed (p≤0.05).
 
Conclusion: The present study indicated that the hydroalcoholic extract of aloe vera leaf had a modulating effect on colonic movements, which may be related to the cholinergic and nitrogenous systems and is independent of the adrenergic system.