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& Objective: Cryptosporidium is a cosmopolitan protozoan parasite which is recently known as one of the main causes of diarrhea in children and immunocompromised cases. Majority of studies on this parasite in the last 3 decades focusing on immunocompromised cases has been reported from developed countries and no comprehensive study has evaluated the prevalence and risk factors related to cryptosporidiosis in Iran. This study aimed at investigating the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and risk factors related to cryptosporidiosis in hospitalized children under 5 years of age due to diarrhea in Hajar Hospital, Shahrekord. Materials & Methods: This is a cross–sectional and descriptive - analytical study. One hundred and seventy one stool samples were obtained from hospitalized children under 5 years of age due to diarrhea in Hajar Hospital. They were examined by ELISA method to detect Cryptosporidium Surface Antigen (CSA). Data were collected by standard questionnaire and analyzed using statistical tests by Epiinfo2002 software. Results: Out of 171 stool samples, 8 (5%) cases were positive for CSA. The highest frequency of infection, 6 cases (6%), was seen in children under 1 year followed by 13-24 months children with 2 cases (4%). There was a statistically significant correlation between infection with Cryptosporidium and gender. The frequency of infection was statistically higher in boys than in girls (p<0.05). Also a statistically significant relationship was observed between infection with Cryptosporidium and non-breast fed children and low birth weight (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results showed that prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in hospitalized children under 5 years due to diarrhea in Shahrekord is similar to other parts of Iran and factors like being masculine, having a low birth weight and non-breast feeding are risk factors increasing the chance of cryptosporidiosis.

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Introduction & Objective: Today, cryopreservation of the human sperm is a common technique for treating infertility. It has been indicated that cryopreservation by different methods decrease the sperm motility and viability in fertile men, but still effect of freezing of the sperm by vitrification method have not been evaluated on sperm parameters and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitrification of sperm of fertile men on different sperm parameters (motility, morphology, viability and count) and apoptosis after thawing. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study which was conducted at Yazd Infertility Research and Clinical Center in 2009, seventeen semen samples were collected by masturbation from people who came to this centre. Semen analysis was performed according to WHO standards. Smear was provided from these samples and fixed for TUNEL staining. Some samples were directly cryopreserved by cryoloope in liquid nitrogen and stored at least for Seven days. After thawing, samples were evaluated for sperm parameters. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS software using paired T-test and Willcoxon statistical test. Results: The progressive movement of sperm was significantly decreased by vitrification. Also significant decrease in viability and morphology of the sperm and increase in the rate of apoptosis was observed after vitrification. The amount of apoptosis had negatively correlated with normal parameters of spermatozoa (especially progressive motility and viability). Conclusion: These results indicated that vitrification is harmful for sperm parameters and of apoptosis rate in fertile men. However, the apoptosis rate was lower compared to other freezing methods.

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Abstract Background & aim: Considering the fact that infertility causes infertility problems in the marital relationship so, this study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of short-term couples therapy self-regulation on marital intimacy of infertile. Methods: In this clinical trial study, 20 couples were selected for sampling then they randomly into two experimental and control groups and each group was assigned 10 couples. Marital Intimacy scale was used to collect the data. Experimental intervention (self-regulatory couple therapy) was conducted on the experimental group for 8 sessions in duration of 90 minute per week. One month after completion of the training program, both groups were post-tested. Repeated measure was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that infertile couples marital intimacy increased self treatment groups compared with the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Short-term couple's therapy self-regulation is effective for increasing marital intimacy. Key words: Self-regulation, Couple Therapy, Marital Intimacy, Infertility

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Background & aim: Nurses' ethical responsibility in practice and care is required to be aware of the principles of professional ethics. The aim of this study was to determine nursing students' knowledge of ethics in nursing of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. Methods: In the present analytical-descriptive sectional study, in which the participants are 4-8 semester nursing students of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. The research tools for collecting information were tow-section questionnaires consisting of demographic data and specialized questions about ethic and rules in the nursing profession. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS software by using independent t-tests and chi-square. Results: Total awareness of 4-8 semester nursing students about ethic and rules in nursing profession was intermediate (53.78 percent). There was a considerable relation between sexuality and satisfaction (p<.046), accordingly in males this amount was more than females. A considerable relation between age and satisfaction amount wasn’t observed (p>.436). A considerable relation between students' educational semester and satisfaction amount was not also not observed (p>.927). Conclusions: Students' awareness about professional ethic wasn't very desirable so it is suggested that by holding moral workshops in nursing or settling moral courses in nursing students curriculum will increase the amount of nursing students' awareness about nursing ethics.

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Background and aim: Promoting the principles of professional practice through ethical principles education is one of the paramount means to enhance public trust in nurses. The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure self-awareness of ethics in nurses. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, the initial list of 21 questions was prepared to design a genuine questionnaire of awareness of professional ethics in nursing. In order to check the the content validity and reliability, the Pearson and Kuder Richardson test was used. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 20. Results: The results indicated that the initial list of 21 questions had high content validity and none were rejected. Content validity of the questionnaire was calculated to be 0.90. The final results disclosed that the final questionnaire was reliable with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.65. Conclusions: To assess the professional ethics in nursing, a reliable questionnaire should be used. The questionnaire designed in the present study may be a useful tool for evaluation of ethics in nursing.

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Background & aim: Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by immune deficiency, bleeding diathesis, recurrent bacterial infections, albinism dynamic and progressive neurological disorder, as well as major organs such as the liver and spleen lymphocytic infiltration is determined. The aim of this study was to report a case of a rare manifestation of the disease.

Case Report: The case-study in the present report was a 4-month-old female that two months after vaccination had intermittent fever associated with fever, weakness, which lasted more than a week. After blood tests, ultrasound and examination of blood cells, Chédiak–Higashi syndrome diagnosis was made. In terms of blood cells, pancytopenia, platelets and fresh frozen plasma were administered to the patient to prevent bleeding. After Buttock infections, the patient was suffering from septicemia and septic shock followed by a lack of response to resuscitation and cardiopulmonary arrest and then died.

Conclusion: In this patient all Chediak Higashi syndrome, including long fever, loss of appetite, frequent infections, albinism variable and multiple neurological deficit was seen. Chdyak Higashi syndrome is treatable with early diagnosis and bone marrow transplantation.

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Abstract

 

Background & aim: Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax are oral protozoa that could cause periodontitis and gingivitis. The present study was done to determine the prevalence of these two protozoa in people over 14 years with periodontitis and gingivitis.

 

Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, 540 patients referring Resalat Dental Clinic, Shahrekord were enrolled and assigned in two groups of 270 patients with periodontitis and gingivitis and270 healthy individuals. The prepared specimens were examined by extensive wet procedures, Gimsa staining and Trichorom staining. Data were analyzed by chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, and logistic regression in SPSSv.20.

 

Results: No E. gingivalis- and T. tenax-positive cases were seen in the healthy group. The prevalence of E. gingivalis and T. tenax was obtained 3% by extensive wet procedure, 1.9% by Trichoderma staining, and 0.7% by Giemsa staining respectively. By logistic regression model, none of variables of age, gender, place of residence, smoking, tooth brushing, flossing, and oral PH were associated protozoan infection of E. gingivalis and T. tenax (P>0.05).

Conclusion: In patients with periodontitis and gingivitis referred to the dental clinic, parasitic infections were attenuated to gingivialis and trichomoniasis vaginalis, and possibly other non-parasitic agents, including bacteria or other microorganisms, may play a role.

 

 

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Abstract                
Background & aim: Failure to observe proper sleep habits causes short-term changes in biological indices, hormonal activity, followed by overweight or obesity and diabetes in children. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of teaching sleep behaviors to mothers on sleep habits of young children kindergartens city of hamadan in 2017.
 
Methods: In the present clinical trial intervention study, 84 young mothers (in each group) were selected by multistage cluster random sampling from kindergartens in Hamadan. Data collection tools included demographic information questionnaire and CSHQ sleep habits questionnaire. In the experimental group, two sessions of lecture, question and answer and group discussion were held for a period of three days, each session lasting 50 minutes in groups of 10-15. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, independent t-test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
 
Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the mean scores in all domains and in all sleep problems of the experimental and control groups before the intervention (p <0.05), but statistically significant difference between the mean scores of all the sleeping areas of the experimental and control groups except for time resistance was obsereved. There was a statistically significant difference in sleep after intervention (p <0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group in all domains and in all sleep problems of children before and after the intervention (p <0.05). Also in the control group there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the domains of resistance to sleep time before and after the intervention (p <0.05).
 
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of sleep problems in the experimental and control groups before and after the intervention, therefore, Teaching mothers proper sleep habits can improve sleep quality in young children.
 
 

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Background & aim: Pregnancy at cesarean section is rare and delays in diagnosis and treatment are associated with maternal complications, but diagnostic and treatment methods are being studied due to its rarity and there is no standard protocol for pregnancy management at cesarean section. . The purpose of the present report was to provide a method of early diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy at the site of cesarean section.
 
Case Report: A 34-year-old woman with a second pregnancy, gestational age of 8 weeks and 3 days, and a history of a cesarean section complained of spotting and severe abdominal pain. The amount of β human placental gonadotropin (β-hCG) was reported to be 5600 mmol/ml. In transvaginal ultrasound, the gestational sac containing internal echoes without a embryonic pole was seen at the site of the previous cesarean section and the blood flow around the gestational sac. The patient was followed up for 3 days for spontaneous abortion of ectopic pregnancy or reduction of gestational sac size in the hospital. Due to the increase in β-hCG, dilatation and suction curettage and hysteroscopic resection were performed. Twenty-four hours after treatment, the first β-hCG, 191 mmol/ml, was reported. The next study was performed in two stages at 48-hour intervals and had a downward trend. Then, a week later, the β-hCG level was increased to 30 mmHg. The millimeter had arrived. After 11 days of follow-up, follow-up was stopped due to a decrease in β-hCG.
 
Conclusion: In the present patient, pregnancy at the cesarean section was diagnosed with transvaginal ultrasound in the early stages and appropriate treatment was performed with dilatation and suction cortex and hysteroscopic resection. In pregnant women, with the complaint of vaginal spotting and a history of previous cesarean section, the possibility of miscarriage at the cesarean section should always be considered to prevent further possible complications and the possibility of uterine removal.

 
 

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Background & aim: Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis are pathogenic bacteria that are abundant in nature and can produce toxins that cause food poisoning in consumers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the contamination of Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, and coliforms in spices sold in Shahrekord market.

Methods: In this study, first, 100 samples of spices including turmeric, cinnamon, spices, black pepper and red pepper (20 samples each) were randomly sampled and transferred to the food hygiene laboratory. To detect Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis, linear culture method, determination of the frequency of virulence genes by Multiplex PCR method, evaluation of antibiotic resistance by Disk-Diffusion method and coliform enumeration by standard method were used.

Result: The results showed that 45 samples (45%) and 12 samples (12%) were contaminated with Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively. In Bacillus cereus, the frequency of virulence genes CytK, Ces and hblC was 25%, 11% and 4%, respectively. The results obtained from the coliform enumeration showed that the highest amount of coliform was counted in turmeric and the lowest amount of coliform contamination was counted in cinnamon. The results of the antibiogram showed that the highest resistance of Bacillus cereus was related to penicillin and ampicillin and the highest resistance of Enterococcus faecalis was related to erythromycin.

Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the present study, the presence of Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis in spices sold in Shahrekord city can be a warning for consumers and endanger public health.