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Abstract Background & aim: According to the proven effectiveness of saffron resistance and physical activity on diabetes, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of glycemic indexes of saffron combined with resistance training on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Methods: The present experimental study was conducted on 36 adult male rats. After induction of diabetes, the rats were randomly divided into four equal groups, resistance exercise (five days a week, for six days) and saffron extract (25 mg/L daily), resistance exercise combined with saffron extract and control groups. After a period of six weeks, glycemic indexes were measured. The gathered data were analyzed by klomogrov – Smirnov, one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: The results showed that fasting glucose in saffron aqua extract combined with resistance training group was significantly lower than both control and the RT groups ( p=0,014). Glycosylated hemoglobin group of saffron combined with resistance training was lower than the control group (p=0.011). Insulin resistance combined with resistance training in saffron aqua extract was lower than the control group (p=0.011). Conclusion: Six weeks of resistance training and consumption of saffron alone had a significant effect on glycemic indexes. However, saffron supplements with resistance training had a greater effect on control of fasting blood glucose. Key words: resistance training, saffron, glucose, HbA1C, insulin resistance, diabetes

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Background & aim: Diabetes is a chronic disease which induces a rise in inflammatory response and endothelial disorders. The aim of present study was to review the response of ICAM-1, VCAM- 1 and CRP serum level to high and moderate endurance trainings in diabetic rats.

Methods: In the present experimental research, thirty-two diabetic male sprague dawley rats were selected and based on their blood glucose, they were divided into four groups of eight: (1) diabetes sacrifice first week, (2) diabetes sacrifice last week, (3) moderate intensity endurance training and (4) high intensity endurance training and for review the effects of diabetes induction 16 healthy rats divided in two groups of healthy sacrifice first week and healthy sacrifice last week. Rats of high and moderate intensity endurance trainings ran on treadmill for eight weeks, three sessions per week and 60 minutes with intensity of 10- 17 and 17- 28 meter per minute. To analyze the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, ANOVA with Tukey test was used.

Results: Results indicated that induction of diabetes resulted in a significant increase in ICAM-1 (p=0.001), VCAM- 1 (p=0.001) and CRP (p=0.001) respectivly. Eight weeks moderate and high intensity endurance training showed a significant reduction on ICAM-1 (p=0.001), VCAM- 1 (p=0.003) and CRP (p=0.001) and such reduction on ICAM-1 (p=0.04), VCAM- 1 (p=0.04) and CRP (p=0.001) respectively. Also moderate and high intensity endurance trainings had equal effects on ICAM-1 (p=0.53), VCAM- 1 (p=0.90) and CRP (p=0.99) on diabetic rats.

Conclusion: Moderate and high intensity endurance trainings had equal effects on reduction of ICAM-1, VCAM- 1and CRP on diabetic rats.

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Abstract                
Background & aim: The use of non-enzymatic antioxidants in food supplements and proper exercise can have a positive effect on decreasing oxidative stress by free radical hunting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and consumption of l-carnitine on some of the oxidative stress factors in diabetic kidney.
 
Methods: In the present experimental study, 45 male Wistar rats(200-300 gr) were randomly divided into six groups: 1) sham group, 2) healthy control group 3) diabetic control group, 4) diabetic group receiving l-carnitine, 5) diabetic group of aerobic training, 6) diabetic group of aerobic training and receiving l-carnitine. Rats were diabetic peritoneal injected with nicotinic amide and a single dose of STZ of 55 mg / kg body weight. Rats in the L-carnitine group received daily of 100 mg of l-carnitine orally. The aerobic exercise protocol included five sessions per week on the treadmill. Data were analyzed by two way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at P <0.05.
 
Results: Six weeks of aerobic exercise, supplementation of  l-carnitine and combined intervention of aerobic exercise and supplementation of l-carnitine do not have a significant effect on MDA and SOD  factors of kidney  tissue in diabetic rats(p>0.05). However, six weeks of aerobic exercise had a significant effect on GPX factor in kidney tissue in diabetic rats (p=0.003). Moreover, supplementation   and combined intervention of aerobic exercise and supplementation of l-carnitine did not have a significant effect on GPX factor of kidney tissue in diabetic rats (p>0.05)
 
Conclusion: L-carnitine supplementation intake with regular exercise can have beneficial effects on the body, antioxidant defense system and decreases oxidative stress in rats with type 2 diabetes.

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Background & aim: Protein synthesis and degradation are dynamically regulated processes that to control the accretion or loss of muscle mass. However, the mechanisms responsible exercise-induced heart hypertrophy remains elusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training on expression of some indices of myocardial hypertrophy and atrophy in male rats.
 
Methods: In this experimental study conducted in 2018, 16 wistar male rats 10 weeks old with 299.74±19.32 g weight were randomly classified into control and training groups. Training group performed an aerobic running program (at 10-18 m/min, 10-40 min/day, and 5 days/week) on a motor-driven treadmill for six weeks. At the end of six week’s heart tissue samples were collected and used for determination of gene expression (AMP-activated protein kinase, fork head Box O3, Muscle atrophy F-box and Muscle RING finger 1). Data were analyzed using Independent t test at p<0.05.
 
Result: Six weeks aerobic training significant increased the heart AMP-activated protein kinase in rats (p=0.014). Also heart fork head Box O3 (p=0.022), Muscle atrophy F-box (p=0.032) and Muscle RING finger 1 (p=0.028) was significantly decrease than training group.
 
Conclusion: Aerobic exercise improved the heart structure by improving the parameters that affect cardiac size, possibly improving cardiac function.